| Human rights Human rights refers to the "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled."Houghton Miffin Company (2006) Examples of rights and freedoms which are often thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and social, cultural and economic rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to food, the right to work, and the right to education. Human_rights
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| History of Russia The history of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. History_of_Russia
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| Immanuel Kant Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia Immanuel_Kant
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| Identity and change The relationship between identity and change in the philosophical field of metaphysics seems, at first glance, deceptively simple, and belies the complexity of the issues involved. This article explores "the problem of change and identity". Identity_and_change
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| Intelligent design Intelligent design is the assertion that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection.". Intelligent_design
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| Irreducible complexity Irreducible complexity (IC) is an argument made by proponents of intelligent design that certain biological systems are too complex to have evolved from simpler, or "less complete" predecessors, through natural selection acting upon a series of advantageous naturally occurring chance mutations. It is one of two main arguments intended to support intelligent design, the other being specified complexity.. Irreducible_complexity
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| John Stuart Mill John_Stuart_Mill
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| John Calvin John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. In Geneva, his ministry both attracted other Protestant refugees and over time made that city a major force in the spread of Reformed theology. John_Calvin
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| Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Geneva, Switzerland) Jean-Jacques_Rousseau
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| Jacques Lacan Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French ) (April 13, 1901 – September 9, 1981) was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist, who made prominent contributions to the psychoanalytic movement. His yearly seminars, conducted in Paris from 1953 until his death in 1981, were a major influence in the French intellectual milieu of the 1960s and 1970s, particularly among post-structuralist thinkers. Jacques_Lacan
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| John Dewey John_Dewey
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| Jean-Paul Sartre (Paris, France) Jean-Paul_Sartre
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| Jurisprudence Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal philosophers, hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions. Jurisprudence
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| Ludwig Wittgenstein Cambridge, United Kingdom | Ludwig_Wittgenstein
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| Leonhard Euler |birth_place = Basel, Switzerland Leonhard_Euler
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| Ludwig Wittgenstein Talk:Ludwig_Wittgenstein
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| Liar paradox In philosophy and logic, the liar paradox, known to the ancients as the pseudomenon, encompasses paradoxical statements such as "This sentence is false." or "The next sentence is false. Liar_paradox
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| Propositional calculus In logic and mathematics, a propositional calculus (or a sentential calculus) is a formal system in which formulae representing propositions can be formed by combining atomic propositions using logical connectives, and a system of formal proof rules allows certain formulæ to be established as "theorems". Propositional_calculus
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| List of deists This is a partial list of people who have been categorized as deists, the belief in a God based on natural religion only, or belief in religious truths discovered by people through a process of reasoning, independent of any revelation through scripture or prophets. They have been selected for their influence on Deism, or for their fame in other areas. List_of_deists
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| Mersenne prime In mathematics, a Mersenne number is a positive integer that is one less than a power of two: Mersenne_prime
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| Meta-ethics In philosophy, meta-ethics (sometimes called "analytic ethics")Cline, Austin "Analytic Ethics (Metaethics)," URL = http://atheism.about. Meta-ethics
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| Maurice Merleau-Ponty Maurice Merleau-Ponty ( in French; March 14, 1908 – May 3, 1961) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl. Merleau-Ponty was closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, and influenced by Martin Heidegger, but his philosophy tended to focus on the phenomenological and corporeal foundations of perception. Maurice_Merleau-Ponty
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| Mersenne prime Talk:Mersenne_prime
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| Marcus Aurelius | place of birth = Rome Marcus_Aurelius
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| Meaning of life The meaning of life is a philosophical question concerning the purpose and significance of human existence. It is often expressed in a variety of questions, such as What is the meaning of life? Meaning_of_life
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| Monotheism Talk:Monotheism
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| Nominalism Nominalism is a metaphysical view in philosophy according to which general or abstract terms and predicates exist but that either universals or abstract objects, which are sometimes thought to correspond to these terms, do not exist.Mill (1872); Bigelow (1998). Nominalism
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| Nihilism Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing) is a philosophical position that argues that existence is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value. Nihilists generally assert that objective morality does not exist, and that no action is logically preferable to any other in regard to the moral value of one action over another. Nihilism
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| Natural law Natural law or the law of nature (Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by nature and that therefore has validity everywhere."Natural Law," International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Natural_law
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| Objectivism (Ayn Rand) Objectivism is a philosophySo identified by sources including: Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)
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| Occitan language |speakers=1,939,000 Occitan_language
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| Anselm's argument Talk:Anselm's_argument
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| Recapitulation theory The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism, and often expressed as ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, was first put forward in 1866 by German zoologist Ernst Haeckel. Haeckel proposed that the embryonal development of an individual organism (its ontogeny) followed the same path as the evolutionary history of its species (its phylogeny). Recapitulation_theory
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| Recapitulation theory Talk:Recapitulation_theory
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| Origen of Alexandria Origen (Greek: Ōrigénēs, or Origen Adamantius, ca. 185–ca. Origen_of_Alexandria
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| Psychological egoism Psychological egoism is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest, even in what seem to be acts of altruism. It claims that when people choose to help others, it is ultimately because of the personal benefits they themselves expect to obtain, directly or indirectly, from doing so. Psychological_egoism
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| Plato Plato (Greek: , Plátōn, "broad")Diogenes Laertius 3.4; p. Plato
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| Politics == Politics == Politics
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| Pythagoras Pythagoras of Samos (Greek: , Pythagoras the Samian, or simply ; born between 580 and 572 BC, died between 500 and 490 BC) was an Ionian Greek mathematician and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. He is often revered as a great mathematician, mystic and scientist; however some have questioned the scope of his contributions to mathematics and natural philosophy. Pythagoras
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| Problem of universals The problem of universals is an ancient problem in metaphysics about whether universals exist. There are two main positions on the debate: nominalists deny that there are universals, while realists maintain that there are universals. Problem_of_universals
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| Property Property means Right of Action for things that can be exchanged. Important types of property include real property (land), personal property (other physical possessions), and intellectual property (rights over artistic creations, inventions, etc. Property
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| Prime number In mathematics, a prime number (or a prime) is a natural number which has exactly two distinct natural number divisors: 1 and itself. An infinitude of prime numbers exists, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. Prime_number
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| Prime number Talk:Prime_number
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| Prime number theorem In number theory, the prime number theorem (PNT) describes the asymptotic distribution of the prime numbers. The prime number theorem gives a rough description of how the primes are distributed. Prime_number_theorem
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| Protagoras Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. Protagoras
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| Philosophy of education The philosophy of education is the study of the purpose, process, nature and ideals of education. This can be within the context of education as a societal institution or more broadly as the process of human existential growth, i. Philosophy_of_education
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| Peano axioms In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms, also known as the Dedekind-Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are a set of axioms for the natural numbers presented by the 19th century Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano. These axioms have been used nearly unchanged in a number of metamathematical investigations, including research into fundamental questions of consistency and completeness of number theory. Peano_axioms
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| Polymath A polymath (Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής, "having learned much")The term was first recorded in written English in the early seventeenth century is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area. The dictionary definition is consistent with informal use, whereby someone very knowledgeable is described as a polymath when the term is used as a noun, or polymath or polymathic when used as adjectives. Polymath
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| Revolution A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround") is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time. Revolution
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| Ralph Waldo Emerson Boston, Massachusetts Ralph_Waldo_Emerson
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