| Aristotle Aristotélēs Aristotle
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| Ayn Rand | birth_place = St. Petersburg, Russia Ayn_Rand
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| Altruism/Archive1 Talk:Altruism/Archive1
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| Adolf Eichmann – Adolf_Eichmann
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| Avicenna Avicenna
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| Anaximander Anaximander (Ancient Greek: ) (c. 610 BC–c. Anaximander
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| Ammonius Saccas Ammonius Saccas (3rd century AD) was a Greek philosopher from Alexandria who was often referred to as one of the founders of Neoplatonism. He is mainly known as the teacher of Plotinus, who he taught for eleven years from 232 to 243. Ammonius_Saccas
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| Aesthetics Aesthetics is commonly perceived as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature. Aesthetics
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| Animal rights Talk:Animal_rights
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| Abstraction Abstraction is the rendering of the general case from which an instance occurs. It is the process of removing detail to expose the essential features of a particular concept or object. Abstraction
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| Baruch Spinoza Baruch de Spinoza (, , ) (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. Baruch_Spinoza
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| Baptism In Christianity, baptism (from Greek βάπτισμα and βαπτισμός, meaning "immersing", "performing ablutions" - see below) is the sacramental act of cleansing in water that admits one as a full member of the Church. Most Christians, such as Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and Lutherans, are baptized as infants. Baptism
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| Bucket argument Isaac Newton's rotating bucket argument attempts to show that true rotational motion cannot be defined as the relative rotation of the body with respect to the immediately surrounding bodies. It is one of five arguments from the "properties, causes, and effects" of true motion and rest that support his contention that, in general, true motion and rest cannot be defined as special instances of motion or rest relative to other bodies, but instead can be defined only by reference to absolute space. Bucket_argument
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| Consciousness Consciousness is regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and one's environment. It is a subject of much research in philosophy of mind, psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science. Consciousness
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| Consequentialism Talk:Consequentialism
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| Consequentialism Consequentialism refers to those moral theories which hold that the consequences of a particular action form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right action is one that produces a good outcome, or consequence. Consequentialism
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| Chinese philosophy Chinese philosophy was philosophy written in the Chinese tradition of thought. Chinese philosophy has a history of several thousand years; its origins are often traced back to the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes), an ancient compendium of divination, which introduced some of the most fundamental terms of Chinese philosophy. Chinese_philosophy
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| Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero (Classical Latin , usually in English; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and philosopher. Cicero is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. Cicero
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| Charles Peirce Charles Sanders Peirce (pronounced purse"Peirce", in the case of Charles Sanders Peirce, is pronounced exactly like the English-language word "purse": . enPR: pûrs. Charles_Peirce
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| Chinese room The Chinese Room argument is a thought experiment and associated arguments designed by John Searle to show that a symbol processing machine like a computer can never be properly described as having a "mind" or "understanding", regardless of how intelligently it may behave. Chinese_room
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| Chinese room Talk:Chinese_room
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| Celt Talk:Celt
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| Democracy In political theory, Democracy describes a small number of related forms of government and also a political philosophy. A common feature of democracy as currently understood and practiced is competitive elections. Democracy
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| Democritus Democritus
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| Discordianism Discordianism is a modern religion centered on chaos ; it was founded circa 1958–1959 by Malaclypse the Younger with the publication of its principal text, the Principia Discordia. There is some division as to whether it should be regarded as a parody religion, and if so to what degree. Discordianism
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| Tao Te Ching Talk:Tao_Te_Ching
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| Deism Deism is a religious philosophy and movement that derives the existence and nature of God from reason and personal experience. This is in contrast to fideism which is found in many forms of Christianity. Deism
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| Dialectical materialism According to many followers of the theories of Karl Marx (or Marxists), dialectical materialism is the philosophical basis of Marxism. The name, which was never used by Marx himself, refers to the notion that Marxism is a synthesis of philosophical dialectics and materialism. Dialectical_materialism
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| Epiphenomenalism In philosophy of mind, epiphenomenalism is a view according to which some or all mental states are mere epiphenomena (side-effects or by-products) of physical states of the world. Thus, epiphenomenalism denies that the mind (as in its states, not its processing) has any causal influence on the body or any other part of the physical world: while mental states are caused by physical states, mental states do not have any causal influence on physical states. Epiphenomenalism
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| Empedocles Empedocles (Greek: , ca. 490–430 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Sicily. Empedocles
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| Epicurus Epikouros Epicurus
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| Empiricism In philosophy generally, empiricism is an epistemological concept, or a theory of knowledge, emphasizing the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, while discounting the notion of innate ideas. Empiricism
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| Encyclopedist Talk:Encyclopedist
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| Epictetus Epictetus (Greek: ; ca. 55–ca. Epictetus
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| Faith and rationality Faith and rationality are two modes of belief that exist in varying degrees of conflict or compatibility. Faith is belief in inspiration, revelation, or authority. Faith_and_rationality
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| Fibonacci number In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers are a sequence of numbers named after Leonardo of Pisa, known as Fibonacci, whose Liber Abaci published in 1202 introduced the sequence to Western European mathematics. Fibonacci_number
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| George Berkeley George Berkeley () (12 March 1685 – 14 January 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley, was an Irish philosopher. His primary philosophical achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others). George_Berkeley
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| George Edward Moore George Edward Moore, usually known as G. E. George_Edward_Moore
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| Government A government is "the organization, that is the governing authority of a political unit,"Wordnet Search 3.0: Government "the ruling power in a political society,"LoveToKnow: 1911 Encyclopedia: Government and the apparatus through which a governing body functions and exercises authority. Government
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| George Pappas George Sotiros Pappas (born 1942) is a professor of philosophy at Ohio State University.Departmental profile at OSU Pappas specializes in epistemology, the history of early modern philosophy, philosophy of religion, and metaphysics. George_Pappas
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| Gottfried Leibniz , Hanover, Electorate of Hanover Gottfried_Leibniz
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| Graph theory In mathematics and computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs; mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects from a certain collection. A "graph" in this context refers to a collection of vertices or 'nodes' and a collection of edges that connect pairs of vertices. Graph_theory
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| Gnosticism Gnosticism ( gnōsis, knowledge) refers to a diverse, syncretistic religious movement consisting of various belief systems generally united in the teaching that humans are divine souls trapped in a material world created by an imperfect spirit, the demiurge, who is frequently identified with the Abrahamic God. The demiurge may be depicted as an embodiment of evil, or in other instances as merely imperfect and as benevolent as its inadequacy permits. Gnosticism
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| Gilles Deleuze Paris, France Gilles_Deleuze
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| Hedonism Hedonism is the philosophy that pleasure is the most important pursuit. The name derives from the Greek word for "delight" ( hēdonismos from hēdonē "pleasure" + suffix ισμός ismos "ism"). Hedonism
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| Hippocrates Hippocrates
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| Heraclitus Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — , English Heraclitus the Ephesian) (ca. 535–475 BC) was a pre-Socratic Ionian philosopher, a native of Ephesus on the coast of Asia Minor. Heraclitus
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| Human rights Human rights refers to "the basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled."Houghton Miffin Company (2006) Examples of rights and freedoms which are often thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and social, cultural and economic rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to work, and the right to education. Human_rights
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| History of Russia The history of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. History_of_Russia
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| Immanuel Kant Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia Immanuel_Kant
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