代谢是生物体内所发生的用于维持生命的一系列有序的化学反应的总称。这些反应进程使得生物体能够生长和繁殖、保持它们的结构以及对外界环境做出反应。代谢通常被分为两类:分解代谢可以对大的分子进行分解以获得能量(如细胞呼吸);合成代谢则可以利用能量来合成细胞中的各个组分,如蛋白质和核酸等。代谢可以被认为是生物体不断进行物质和能量交换的过程,一旦物质和能量的交换停止,生物体的结构和系统就会解体。代谢中的化学反应可以被归纳为代谢途径,通过一系列酶的作用将一种化学物质转化为另一种化学物质。酶对于代谢反應来说是至关重要的,因为酶可以通过一個熱力學上易於發生的反應來驅動另一個熱力學上難以進行的反應,使之變得可行;例如,利用ATP的水解所产生的能量来驱动其他化学反应。一个生物体的代谢机制决定了哪些物质对于此生物体是有营养的,而哪些是有毒的。例如,一些原核生物利用硫化氢作为营养物质,但这种气体对于动物来说却是致命的。代谢速度,或者说代谢率,也影响了一个生物体对于食物的需求量。
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